Extracellular Vesicles for Regenerative Medicine Applications

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) may be defined as a translational discipline focused on the development of novel techniques, devices, materials to replace or repair injured diseased tissue organs. The main approaches typically use cells, scaffolds, signaling molecules, either alone in combination, promote regeneration. Although cells are required create new functional tissue, source from an exogenous allogeneic autologous through recruitment endogenous (autologous) is technically challenging risks host rejection tissue. Regardless cell source, these also require appropriate instruction for proliferation, differentiation, vivo spatial organization Such supplied microenvironment where reside, environments which largely consist extracellular matrix (ECM). specific components ECM, broadly space, responsible promoting regeneration repair, not fully understood, however vesicles (EVs) found body fluids solid phases ECM have emerged key mediators repair. Additionally, EVs might serve potential cell-free tools TERM with minimal risk adverse sequelae. past two decades shown substantial interest understanding therapeutic role their applications context TERM. Therefore, purpose this review highlight fundamental characteristics EVs, current pre-clinical clinical TERM, future EV-based strategies